What Is The Camera Thing On Bradley Turret

American infantry fighting vehicle

"M2A2" redirects here. For the M2 light tank variant, see M2A2 tank.

M2 Bradley
An M2A3 Bradley during a training practise at Fort Irwin National Training Center, February 2013.
Type	Infantry fighting vehicle
Place of origin	United states
Service history
In service	1981–present
Used by	Encounter Operators
Wars	Persian Gulf War Waco siege Iraq War Yemeni Civil War Syrian Civil State of war
Specifications
Mass	27.6 brusque tons (25.0 t)
Length	21.49 ft (6.55 1000)
Width	11.82 ft (three.lx m)
Height	9.78 ft (two.98 thou)
Coiffure	three (commander, gunner, commuter)
Passengers	6 (7 in M2A2 ODS/M2A3)
Armor	Spaced laminate armor offering xiv.5 mm all around protection. Hull base is 7017 aluminum.[1]
Primary armament	25 mm M242 concatenation gun (900 rounds) 2 × TOW anti-tank missile launchers (7 missiles)
Secondary ammunition	7.62 mm coaxial M240C machine gun (2,200 rounds)
Engine	Cummins VTA-903T eight-cylinder diesel fuel 600 hp (450 kW)
Power/weight	xvi.18 kW/tonne (21.7 hp/tonne)
Suspension	Torsion bar
Operational range	300 mi (480 km)
Maximum speed	40 mph (64 km/h); 40 km/h off-road; vii.two km/h in water

The M2 Bradley, or Bradley IFV, is an American infantry fighting vehicle that is a fellow member of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle family. It is manufactured past BAE Systems Land & Armaments, which was formerly United Defence.

The Bradley is designed for reconnaissance and to send a squad of infantry, providing them protection from small arms fire, while too providing firepower to both suppress and eliminate most threats to friendly infantry. It is designed to exist highly maneuverable and to exist fast plenty to keep up with heavy armor during an advance. The M2 holds a crew of 3: a commander, a gunner, and a driver, as well every bit half-dozen fully equipped soldiers as passengers.

In the twelvemonth 2000 the total cost of the program was $five,664,100,000 for one,602 units, giving an average unit price of $3,166,000.^[2]

Design [edit]

The Bradley IFV was adult largely in response to the amphibious Soviet BMP family of infantry fighting vehicles, and to serve equally both an armored personnel carrier (APC), and a tank-killer. Design began in 1963 and entered production in 1981.^[three] 1 specific pattern requirement was that it should be every bit fast as the new M1 Abrams master battle tank so that they could maintain formations while moving, something which the older M113 armored personnel carrier could not do, as information technology had been designed to complement the older M60 Patton.

Armament [edit]

The Bradley is equipped with the M242 25 mm autocannon as its principal weapon. The M242 has a single barrel with an integrated dual-feed machinery and remote feed selection.^{[4] [ unreliable source? ]} The gun has 300 gear up rounds in two ready boxes (one of 70 rounds – ordinarily AP-type rounds, the other of 230 rounds – usually HE-type rounds), with some other 600 rounds in storage. The 2 ready boxes permit a selectable mix of rounds, such as the M791 APDS-T (Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot (with) Tracer), and M792 HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary (with) Tracer) rounds. The 25 mm automated gun is primarily used for clearing bunkers and firing on lightly armored vehicles. While the 25 mm automatic gun is not the weapon of choice for engaging tanks, vehicle commanders, crews, and CALL and Regular army Infantry Middle personnel reported isolated instances in which the 25 mm automatic gun had killed tanks. Still, Army Materiel Systems Assay Activity (AMSAA) officials stated that, on the ground of their assessment of combat vehicles in the Persian Gulf state of war, for the 25 mm automatic gun to impale a tank, the tank would accept to be hit at close range in its more vulnerable areas.^[5] Subsequent ammunition developments resulted in the M919 APFSDS-T (Armor-Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot with Tracer) circular, which contains a finned depleted-uranium penetrator similar in concept to armor-piercing munitions used in modern tanks. The M919 was used in combat during the 2003 invasion of Republic of iraq.

It is also armed with an M240C machine gun mounted coaxially to the M242, with two,200 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition. For engaging heavier targets (such as when acting in an anti-tank fashion), the Bradley has a TOW missile arrangement on board, which was changed from the M2A1 model onwards to burn TOW II missiles. M2 infantry Bradleys as well take firing ports for a number of M231 Firing Port Weapons or FPWs, providing a button-upward firing position to replace the superlative-side gunners on the old ACAV, though the M231 is rarely employed. Initial variants carried six, but the side ports were plated over with the new armor used on the A2 and A3 variants, leaving only the two rear-facing mounts in the loading ramp.

Countermeasures [edit]

The utilize of aluminum armor and the storage of large quantities of ammunition in the vehicle initially raised questions most its combat survivability. Spaced laminate belts and loftier hardness steel skirts have been added to later versions to improve armor protection, although this increased overall weight to 33 tons. However, actual gainsay operations take not shown the Bradley to be scarce as losses have been few.^{[ commendation needed ]} In friendly fire incidents in Desert Tempest, many crew members survived hits that resulted in total losses for lighter USMC LAV-25 vehicles.^{[ commendation needed ]}

All versions are also equipped with two 4-barreled smoke grenade launchers on the front of the turret for creating defensive smoke screens, which can also be loaded with chaff and flares.

In December 2018, the army appear information technology would be installing an Israeli fabricated active protection system the Iron Fist, on M2 Bradleys of ane armored brigade as a nearly-term solution to enhance protection confronting anti-tank rockets and missiles.^[6]

Chassis [edit]

The Bradley has a welded aluminum unit or monocoque structure to which the armor is attached, mostly on the outside. The suspension is by torsion confined and cranks. Six small rubber rimmed, divided road wheels on each side straddle the location flanges sticking upward from the tread. These were originally of aluminum, simply were changed to steel as vehicle weight increased. The steel treads sit down on flat hard prophylactic tires.

Mobility [edit]

The Bradley is highly capable in cross-land open terrain, in accord with one of the main design objectives of keeping pace with the M1 Abrams chief battle tank. Whereas the M113 would float without much grooming, the Bradley was initially designed to bladder by deploying a flotation curtain around the vehicle. This caused some drownings due to failures during its starting time trials. Armor upgrades accept negated this capability.

History [edit]

Production history [edit]

Bradley IFV burns afterwards beingness hit during the Battle of 73 Easting, one of only three Bradleys lost to the Iraqis, February 1991

The M2, which was named after World War Ii General Omar Bradley, carries a crew of three and a six-man dismountable infantry team.

The vehicle entered service with the U.Southward. Ground forces in 1981, four,641 M2s have been produced.

Fifty-fifty after the troubled development history of the Bradley,^[7] additional problems occurred after product started, as later detailed by Air Force Colonel James G. Burton, who took part in the design and fielding process.^[eight] Burton advocated the use of comprehensive live fire tests against fully loaded military vehicles to check for survivability.^[ix] The Army and Navy agreed and established the Joint Live Fire testing program in 1984.^[x] When testing the Bradley, disagreements occurred between Burton and the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, which preferred smaller, more controlled, "building cake" tests that could be used to meliorate the databases used to model vehicle survivability, as opposed to total upwards tests with random shots, which reduce the possibility of bias but produced little useful statistical information.^[10] In addition, Burton insisted on a series of "overmatch" tests in which weapon systems would exist fired at the Bradley that were known to be able to easily penetrate its armor.^[9] Burton saw attempts to avoid such tests as dishonest, while the BRL saw them as wasteful as they already knew the vehicle would fail.^[10] The disagreements became so contentious that a Congressional inquiry was ready.^[11] Equally a event of the tests, additional improvements to vehicle survivability were added.^[12]

Combat history [edit]

During the Persian Gulf War, M2 Bradleys destroyed more Iraqi armored vehicles than the M1 Abrams.^[13] Xx Bradleys were lost—3 past enemy fire and 17 due to friendly burn down incidents; another 12 were damaged. The gunner of i Bradley was killed when his vehicle was hitting by Iraqi fire, possibly from an Iraqi BMP-one, during the Battle of 73 Easting.^[14] To remedy some bug that were identified every bit contributing factors in the friendly fire incidents, infrared identification panels and other marker/identification measures were added to the Bradleys.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the Iraq War, the Bradley proved somewhat vulnerable to improvised explosive device (IED) and rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) attacks, but casualties were light—the doctrine beingness to allow the crew to escape at the expense of the vehicle. Every bit of early 2006, total combat losses included between 55 and 100 Bradleys.^{[15] [xvi]} By 2007, the Army had stopped using the M2 Bradley in combat, instead favoring more than survivable "MRAP" (Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected) vehicles.^[17] By the end of the war, about 150 Bradleys had been destroyed (Unreliable Source).^{[xviii] [ unreliable source? ]}

The M2A3 variant began to replace the M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicles in U.s. Regular army armoured reconnaissance units in 2014, as the increased armament of the loads carried by the M3A3s reduced the number of scouts able to be dismounted. Further, in 2016, a reorganisation of reconnaissance unit structures and compositions saw big-scale replacements of Humvees within these units with M2A3s, increasing the tactical mobility and manoeuvre warfare capabilities of US Army armoured reconnaissance brigades.^{[19] [20]}

Replacement [edit]

U.S. Army efforts to supervene upon the Bradley began in the mid-1980s nether the Armored Systems Modernization programme. The Army studied creating several vehicle variants nether a common heavy chassis to replace main battle tanks and Bradleys. This effort was canceled in 1992 due to the plummet of the Soviet Union.^[21]

The U.South. Ground forces'due south began the Future Gainsay Systems (FCS) Manned Ground Vehicles program in 1999. This family of 18-ton lightweight tracked vehicles centered around a common chassis. It would consist of eight variants, including infantry carriers, scouting vehicles and main battle tanks. FCS was canceled in 2009 due to budget cuts.

The U.Due south. Army offset intended to supplant the Bradley as office of the Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles plan, which started in 1999 and was cancelled in 2009.

In 2010, the Ground forces began the Basis Combat Vehicle plan to replace the M2 Bradley with the GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle. Entries from BAE and General Dynamics were selected for evaluation. Concerns grew around the vehicle's proposed weight of around seventy-tons.^[22] GCV was cancelled in 2014 due to sequestration upkeep cuts.

The Army conducts tests of an Avant-garde Running Gear using a Bradley Fighting Vehicle every bit a surrogate for the OMFV

In June 2018, the Ground forces established the Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) program to replace the M2 Bradley. In October 2018, the programme was re-designated every bit the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV).^[23] This program placed much of the cost burden of evolution on contractors, causing many competitors to drib out. In February 2020, the Ground forces restarted the program, promising to have on more responsibility for funding.^[24]

Variants [edit]

M2 [edit]

The M2 was the bones production model, first fielded in 1981. The M2 can exist identified by its standard TOW missile system, steel laminate armor, and 600 horsepower (450 kW) Cummins VT903 engine with HMPT-500 Hydro-mechanical transmission. Bones features also included an integrated sight unit of measurement for the M242 25 mm gun, and thermal imaging arrangement. The M2 was amphibious with the use of a "swim barrier" or "flotation screen" and was transportable by C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy shipping. All M2 vehicles have been upgraded to improved standards. The M2 armor protects the vehicle through a full 360 degrees against 14.v mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) armament.

The turret was offset to the right to maximize the room in the passenger compartment. Six infantry soldiers for dismounted fighting were held in the passenger compartment. Vision for the troops was provided through iii periscopes placed between the rear ramp and the cargo hatch just behind the turret, as well as two periscopes on each side of the hull above the side firing ports. The rider compartment too held up to five TOW or Dragon missile reloads. The side and rear hull armor consisted of two 0.25 in (half dozen.four mm) steel plates one inch apart and 3.5 in (89 mm) abroad from the aluminum armor. The hull tiptop, bottom, and front consisted of 5083 aluminum armor, and 0.357 in (9.1 mm) steel armor was added to the front third of the hull bottom to increase mine protection.^[25]

M3 [edit]

The M3 Bradley CFV is very like to the M2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle) and is fielded with the same two-man 25mm Bushmaster Cannon turret with the coaxial 7.62mm auto gun. It only varies from the M2 in a few subtle ways and by part. The M3 is classified as an armored reconnaissance and scout vehicle and does abroad with the firing ports constitute in the M2 series. The M3 also carries more than TOW missiles likewise as more than ammunition for its 25mm and vii.62mm guns.

M2A1 [edit]

Introduced in 1986, the A1 variant included an improved TOW Two missile system, a Gas Particulate Filter Units (GPFU) NBC system, and a fire-suppression system. By 1992, the M2A1s had begun beingness remanufactured to upgraded standards. The GPFU system was simply connected to the vehicle commander, driver, and gunner, while the infantry squad had to apply their own from MOPP suits. A 7th infantryman was likewise added just backside the heart of the turret.^[25]

U.Southward. Ground forces soldiers head out on a mission in their M2A2 ODS, seen hither fitted with explosive reactive armor boxes, Iraq, October 2004

M2A2 [edit]

Introduced in 1988, the A2 received an improved 600 horsepower (447 kW) engine with an HMPT-500-3 Hydromechanical transmission and improved armor (both passive and the ability to mountain explosive reactive armor). The new armor protects the Bradley against 30 mm APDS rounds and RPGs (or similar anti-armor weapons). The new armor also eliminated the trim vane that fabricated the Bradley amphibious and covered up the side firing ports. Spaced laminate armor was installed to the hull rear and spaced laminate track skirts protected the lower hull. A semicircular shield was attached to the turret rear to add together more stowage space likewise as act as spaced armor. Kevlar spall liners were added to critical areas. The troop carrying number was reduced to 6, eliminating the periscope position backside the driver. After alive firing testing, the seating and stowage arrangements were redrawn. These upgrades raised the cumulative gross weight of the vehicle to 30,519 kg (67,282 lb (30.037 long tons; 33.641 curt tons)).^{[ citation needed ]} The M2A2 was qualified to be transported by the C-17 Globemaster Three. M2A2s were all eventually modified to M2A2 ODS or M2A3 standard.

U.Due south. Army M2A2 at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin.

^[25]

M2A2 ODS/ODS-E [edit]

The "Operation Desert Storm" and "Operation Desert Storm-Engineer" improvements were based on lessons learned during the first Gulf War in 1991. The major improvements included an centre-safe laser rangefinder (ELRF), a tactical navigation arrangement (TACNAV) incorporating the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR) and the Digital Compass Systems (DCS), a missile countermeasure device designed to defeat commencement-generation wire-guided missiles, and the Force XXI Battle Control Brigade and Beneath (FBCB2) Battlefield Command Information Arrangement. The internal stowage was further improved and a thermal imaging system was added for the driver. The infantry team was again increased to seven men, 6 of whom sat facing each other on 2 3-homo benches in the passenger compartment, with the seventh back in the position backside the turret. An MRE ('Repast, Ready-to-Eat') heater was added to the vehicle to assist in the preparation of food while in the field or warzone. With the retirement of the Dragon missile, the vehicle had the selection of conveying some Javelin anti-tank missiles.^[25]

M2A3 [edit]

M2A3 Bradley operating almost Fallujah, Republic of iraq, in November 2004. The master recognition feature of the M2/M3A3 is the Commander'south Independent Viewer (CIV), at the right rear of the turret.

Introduced in 2000, the A3 upgrades brand the Bradley IFV totally digital, with upgraded or improved existing electronics systems throughout improving target acquisition and fire control, navigation, and situational awareness. Also, the survivability of the vehicle is upgraded with a series of armor improvements, again both passive and reactive, too as improved burn-suppression systems and NBC equipment.^[26]

The A3 Bradley incorporates the Improved Bradley Acquisition Subsystem (IBAS) and the Commander'southward Contained Viewer (CIV). Both include a second-generation frontward looking infrared (FLIR) and an electro-optical/Tv imaging system, and the IBAS also has direct-view optics (DVO) and the eye-safe laser rangefinder (ELRF).^[27] The CIV allows the commander to scan for targets and maintain situational awareness while remaining under armor and without interfering with the gunner'south conquering and engagement of targets.^[28]

A pair of M2A3 Bradleys firing their M242 chain guns in a live fire practice.

The A3's burn down control software (FCSW) combines light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation range, ecology readings, armament type, and turret command inputs to automatically elevate the gun for range and to automatically generate a kinematic lead solution if a target is moving.^[27] This functionality, very similar to that of the M1A2 Abrams, allows the gunner or commander to center the reticule on a moving target, lase the target, and attain a beginning-round-hit, without the demand to fire sensing rounds and adjust aim.^{[28] [29]} The FCSW incorporates a thermal aided target tracker (ATT) function that can track two targets in the FLIR field of view and switch between them, primarily intended for employing TOW missiles confronting moving vehicles.^[29] The FCSW also allows the turret and gunner's sights to exist slewed automatically onto a target that has been designated with the CIV.^[28]

The A3 Bradley uses a position-navigation subsystem that incorporates a global positioning organization (GPS), an inertial navigation unit of measurement (INU), and a vehicle motion sensor (MVS),^[27] which, in addition to allowing accurate own-vehicle navigation, allows authentic position reporting and hand-off of designated targets to other units via FBCB2.^[29]

The Commander's Tactical Display (CTD) presents information from FBCB2 and the vehicle navigation systems on a moving-map display, allows the commander to communicate via text over FBCB2, and allows him to check vehicle built-in test (BIT) information and access various other information.^[29] The Team Leader's Display (SLD) in the infantry compartment improves the situational sensation of the passengers past allowing them to view navigational information from FBCB2 and imagery from the IBAS, CIV, or Commuter's Vision Enhancer (DVE) to familiarize themselves with their surroundings prior to dismounting.^[27]

The M2A3 Bradley Two, and an M2A3 Bradley variant used in Iraq, were included in the GCV Analysis of Alternatives.^[thirty]

M2A4 [edit]

Later on the Iraq State of war, the ground forces began researching technology change proposals (ECPs) for the M2 Bradley to restore space, weight, power, and cooling chapters reduced by the addition of armor and electronics hastily added during combat. ECP1 volition work to restore mobility and allow the vehicle to handle more weight. Every bit weight increased, the Bradley got lower on its suspension, which reduced ground clearance. This decreased mobility on crude terrain and left it more vulnerable to IEDs. The attempt will install lighter tracks, shock absorbers, a new suspension support system, and heavy weight torsion confined. ECP2 volition restore automotive ability with a larger engine, a new manual, and a smart-ability management system for amend electric power distribution to accept time to come networked tactical radio and battle command systems.^{[31] [32]} The kickoff Bradleys upgraded with ECP1 were fielded in mid-2015, and the first to be upgraded with ECP2 volition begin fielding in 2018.^[33] Vehicles that receive both the ECP1 and ECP2 upgrade will exist designated A4.^[34]

On June 14, 2018, BAE Systems Land and Armaments was awarded a contract to produce up to 164 M2A4 and M7A4 Bradley Fighting Vehicles using existing M2A3, M7A3 and M2A2 ODS-SA Bradleys.^[35] The M2A4 is equipped with an enhanced drivetrain, more powerful engine, new digitized electronics, a new fire suppression system, and a new IED jammer.^[36]

The first M2A4 models were fielded in April 2022.^[37]

Mission Enabler Technologies-Demonstrator [edit]

The MET-D is an experimental variant of the M2 Bradley which prototypes the use of surrogate robotic combat vehicles (RCVs) that are operated by the crew of the MET-D. It is equipped with a remote turret for the main 25mm concatenation gun, 360-degree situational awareness cameras and enhanced crew stations with touchscreens.^{[38] [39]}

Other uses of the Bradley chassis [edit]

The Bradley series has been widely modified. Its chassis is the basis for the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, the M4 C2V battlefield control postal service, and the M6 Bradley Linebacker air defense vehicle. Armed with a quad Stinger surface-to-air missile launcher in identify of the TOW anti-tank missiles, simply maintaining the 25 mm autocannon, the M6 Bradley Linebacker Air Defense Vehicle (no longer in service) possessed a unique office in the U.South. Army, providing highly mobile air defense force at the front line.

The Bradley'southward interruption organisation has also been used on upgraded versions of the U.Southward. Marines' Assault Amphibious Vehicle.

Table of variants [edit]

	M2 and M2A1[40]	M2A2 and M2A2 RESTOW[41]	M2A2 ODS and M2A3[42]
Overall length	254 in (6.v m)	258 in (vi.6 m)
Overall width	126 in (iii.2 m)	129 in (3.3 m) (w/o armor kit)
Elevation over commander'southward hatch	117 in (3.0 thou)
Ground clearance	18 in (45.7 cm)
Pinnacle speed	41 mph (66 km/h)	35 mph (56 km/h)
Fording	Floats
Max. grade	threescore%
Max. trench	8.3 ft (2.5 m)		7 ft (2.1 one thousand)
Max. wall	36 in (0.9 m)	30 in (0.8 1000)
Range	300 mi (480 km)	250 mi (400 km)
Power	500 hp (370 kW) at 2600 rpm	600 hp (450 kW) at 2600 rpm
Power-to-weight ratio	19.9 hp/ST (16.iv kW/t)	20 hp/ST (sixteen.iv kW/t) (due west/o armor kit)	19.7 hp/ST (xvi.two kW/t) (due west/o armor kit)
Torque	1,025 lb⋅ft (1,390 North⋅grand) at 2350 rpm	1,225 lb⋅ft (1,660 N⋅yard) at 2300 rpm
Weight, combat loaded	50,200 lb (22,770 kg)	60,000 lb (27,220 kg)	61,000 lb (27,670 kg)
Ground pressure	vii.viii psi (54 kPa)	9.three psi (64 kPa)(w/o armor kit)	nine.4 psi (65 kPa)
Main armament	25 mm M242 Bushmaster chain gun BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile
Top, main gun	+59° −9°, M2 +57° −9°, M2A1	+57° −9°
Traverse charge per unit	vi seconds/360°
Elevation charge per unit	60°/second
Main gun ammo	900 rounds, v TOW or Dragon missiles + 2 in launcher	900 rounds, v TOW 2 or Dragon missiles + 2 in launcher	900 rounds, v missiles (incl. TOW 2 & up to 2 Javelin) + 2 in launcher
Firing charge per unit	single shot, 100, 200 rounds per infinitesimal

Operators [edit]

Map with Bradley operators in blueish

Time to come operators [edit]

• Croatia: 89 units in M2A2 ODS variant costing $196.iv million ^[44]

Potential operators [edit]

• Greece^[45]

Run into besides [edit]

• Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle – Bradley APC
• BMP Development – contemporary Soviet project
• GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle – US Regular army development programme for futurity IFV
• Listing of modern armored fighting vehicles
• M1126 Infantry Carrier Vehicle – United states of america Army'south wheeled infantry fighting vehicle
• M242 Bushmaster
• Mechanized infantry
• MICV-65 – United states Army project leading to development of the M2 Bradley
• Warrior tracked armoured vehicle – contemporary British IFV
• The Pentagon Wars

References [edit]

1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2011-03-03 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create every bit championship (link)
2. ^ "M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21.
3. ^ "How Bradley Fighting Vehicles Piece of work". HowStuffWorks. September 4, 2004.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Bradley M2 / M3 Tracked Armoured Fighting Vehicles, U.s.. Archived 2008-06-01 at the Wayback Machine Regular army-Technology.com. Retrieved on August 1, 2008.
5. ^ "GAO study OPERATION DESERT STORM Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-24.
6. ^ Regular army Bradley Brigade Will Get Israeli Anti-Missile System: Atomic number 26 Fist. Breaking Defense. xiv December 2018.
7. ^ Diane L. Urbina. "Lethal beyond all expectations: The Bradley Fighting Vehicle"—in affiliate 12 of George F. Hofmann and Donn A. Starry (editors) Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces, Lexington, Kentucky; The University Printing of Kentucky, ISBN 0-8131-2130-ii.
8. ^ James G. Burton, Col. The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Found Printing (1993). ISBN 1-55750-081-9.
9. ^ ^{a b} Mohr, Charles (April eighteen, 1986). "Tests of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicle Criticized". The New York Times. New York, NY. p. A20.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Haworth, W. Blair (1999). The Bradley and How It Got That Fashion: Technology, Institutions, and the Trouble of Mechanized Infantry in the United States Army. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Printing. ISBN0-313-30974-4.
11. ^ MacPherson, Myra (May 8, 1986). "The Human Who Made War On a Weapon". The Washington Postal service. Washington, DC.
12. ^ Wade, James P. Jr. (September 28, 1984). "Memorandum for Assistant Secretarial assistant of the Army (RD&A): Joint Live Fire Test Anti-Armor Phase". Hearings Before The Investigations Subcommittee of the Commission on Armed Services. Washington, DC: Us Government Printing Office. p. 71 – via Google Books.
13. ^ "M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)". Archived from the original on 2010-02-sixteen. Retrieved 2010-07-25 . . Global Security
14. ^ Quotation from General accounting role's study about the Bradleys and Abrams operation in the Persian Gulf War: "According to information provided by the Army's Role of the Deputy Main of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Farsi Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, merely four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly burn deemed for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and iii of the damaged ones."
15. ^ Fifty.B. Thompson, L.J. Korb, C.P. Wadhams. Army Equipment Later on Republic of iraq Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Motorcar. Lexington Establish and Center for American Progress.
16. ^ "SABER RPG Written report Baronial 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr nine, 2016.
17. ^ A Tranquility Good day For the M-2 Bradley Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine - Strategypage.com, March 5, 2012
18. ^ The Us Army's armoured vehicle conundrum Archived 2014-10-04 at the Wayback Machine - Army-Engineering science.com, 11 September 2014
19. ^ U.S. Army'south New Armored Recon | Structure & Equipment . Retrieved 2021-05-25 – via YouTube.
20. ^ Lowry, Anthony East.; Rose Ii, Peter W. "From the Screen Line: Cavalry Scouts in the Ground forces of 2020". www.benning.army.mil . Retrieved 2021-05-25 .
21. ^ Schafer, Susanne M. (9 October 1992). "Army drops contracts for armored vehicles". Austin American-Statesman. Associated Printing. Retrieved eighteen November 2021.
22. ^ Freedberg, Sydney J. (27 November 2013). "BAE, GD: We Can Cutting Weight From Army's GCV". Breaking Defense . Retrieved 21 January 2022.
23. ^ Tressel, Ashley (12 October 2018). "MPF, AMPV at present part of NGCV family of vehicles". Within Defense . Retrieved 21 Jan 2022.
24. ^ Tressel, Ashley (7 February 2020). "Army reopens competition for Bradley replacement". Inside Defense . Retrieved 21 January 2022.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} M2 Variants Archived 2012-12-26 at the Wayback Machine - AFVDB.com
26. ^ NBC also stands for nuclear, biological, chemical
27. ^ ^{a b c d} Field Manual iii-22.1, Bradley Gunnery (Nov 2003). Headquarters, Department of the Regular army.
28. ^ ^{a b c} Hans Halberstadt (2001). Europa Militaria No 30: Bradley Company. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: The Crowood Printing Ltd. ISBN 1-86126-425-nine.
29. ^ ^{a b c d} Michael Green & James D. Dark-brown (2007). M2/M3 Bradley at State of war. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Printing. ISBN 978-0-7603-2523-0.
30. ^ "Regular army Evaluated Nine Vehicles Confronting GCV In Analysis Of Alternatives". Inside Washington Publisher. January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
31. ^ Regular army Develops New Concepts, Keeps Existing Fleets Rolling - Defensenews.com, 12 Oct 2014
32. ^ Upgrades 'new normal' for armor in uncertain budget environment Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine - Regular army.mil, xx October 2014
33. ^ Army Begins Massive Makeover of Combat Vehicle Fleet ^{[ permanent dead link ]} - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, vi May 2015
34. ^ "Here'due south The Army'due south Programme For A Larger And More Deadly Bradley Fighting Vehicle". The Bulldoze. 29 Jan 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
35. ^ "BAE lands $347 million The states Ground forces contract to produce upgraded Bradley Fighting Vehicles". The Defense Mail service. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
36. ^ BAE Systems continues to deliver upgraded variant M2 A4 Bradley tracked armored IFV to U.s. Army. Army Recognition. 6 June 2020.
37. ^ "United states Army equips its first armored unit with modernized M2A4 Bradley tracked IFVs | Defense force News April 2022 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army twelvemonth 2022 | Archive News yr".
38. ^ "Soldiers to operate armed robotic vehicles from upgraded Bradleys". www.army.mil.
39. ^ Vietnam-Vintage Vehicles Bonfire Trail For Robot Tanks: Ground forces RCV Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Breaking Defense. 30 August 2018.
40. ^ Hunnicutt 1999, p. 448. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHunnicutt1999 (help)
41. ^ Hunnicutt 1999, p. 450. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHunnicutt1999 (help)
42. ^ Hunnicutt 1999, p. 452. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHunnicutt1999 (help)
43. ^ "Us Delivers Bradley Fighting Vehicles to the Lebanese Ground forces". U.S. Embassy in Lebanon. xiv August 2017. Archived from the original on sixteen August 2017. Retrieved xv August 2018. We are here at the Port of Beirut to mark the delivery of eight M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles. These are the very first of a total shipment of 32 Bradleys that will be delivered in the coming months.
44. ^ "Plenković o nabavi Bradleya: Manje ćemo platiti, a imat ćemo više potpuno opremljenih vozila".
45. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2017-07-03 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Sources [edit]

• R. P. Hunnicutt (1999). Bradley: A History of American Fighting and Back up Vehicles. Presidio Press. ISBN9780891416944.

External links [edit]

• U.South. Army fact file on M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle
• M2 Bradley - Armoured Vehicles
• Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems Upgrade to A3
• M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS) at the FAS Military Analysis Network

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley

Posted by: dominguezwhiliver.blogspot.com

Share this post